A Brief Note On Fracking And The Natural Gas - 1419 Words

Kyle Quintana English 121 Candace Craig 4/25/2015 Fracking When it comes to vast amounts of energy sources, natural gas in America is not something most people believe is plentiful. As resources are used up it then becomes time to look for a new supply elsewhere. America has always been dependent on foreign trade, including fuels, which in turn leaves us vulnerable to steep prices. Natural gas is one very important fossil fuel and from its various uses, its numbers have continued to dwindle. Supply and demand has taken a toll on this very precious commodity. Ordinary vertical drilling of natural gas has ceased to produce much and this once prevalent method may eventually end up becoming obsolete. Eventually it became time to undertake a†¦show more content†¦The widespread damage of fracking is starting to become transparent. Even though natural gas is said to burn cleaner than coal, the emission of methane into earth’s atmosphere by the natural gas industry continues to rise. Air quality is a very important thing and many have been responsible and caring enough to aid in protecting our planet. Fracking on the other hand has caused mass air pollution not only to our planet’s atmosphere, but also in and around the fracking site itself. The large equipment involved in fracking can create quite a bit of air pollution. Certain ozone depleting gases are often released by the large engines that drive the drills and help pump the gas through the well. Not only can they be detrimental to the ozone, but also to ecosystems and food supply. Methane is the most detrimental gas emission to the earth’s atmosphere and fracking produces most of it. Methane is considered a greenhouse gas similar to carbon dioxide. There are also other gases emitted from fracking wells that are considered hazards by the EPA, including but not limited to, hydrogen sulfide, benzene, ethylene glycol and various others. Fracking sites can release many toxic emissions if not thoroughly monitored and controlled but there is a way to capture these emissions and its being called a green completion. Once captured, these certain gases can sometimes be sold or disposed of. The equipment that captures the gases hasShow MoreRelatedThe And The Revolution Of America s New On Our Children s Health And Future2119 Words   |  9 Pagesversus â€Å"warmists.â⠂¬  We’re talking about the game-changing new set of unconventional oil and gas extraction technologies and techniques collectively known as hydraulic fracturing, or â€Å"fracking.† Ask the most hardcore of pro-fracking boosters for their take, and they’ll describe the modern miracle of America’s new-found energy independence, a reality almost inconceivable just a decade ago. For them, the oil and gas boom around the U.S. has helped to reboot the economy at a time of great need. Prices atRead MoreExxon Mobile Capstone40455 Words   |  162 Pages............................................................10   MACRO  ENVIRONMENTAL  FORCES  ANALYSIS,  ECONOMIC  TRENDS  AND  ETHICAL  CONCERNS .....................................................................10   Upstream  and  Downstream  Oil  and  Natural  Gas ............................................................................................................................. 10   Petrochemical  Industry ...........................................................................................Read MoreFinancial Management : Key Performance Metrics10327 Words   |  42 Pagesthe 3rd-4th quarter of 2015 still brought the market down; hence the slight losses. This was an upset to some as the SP was on the verge of closing near record highs, but the FOMC news kept the market from reaching this goal, as noted in Figure 1. Note the high was reached the following day on 5/21. (Mahmudova Sjolin, May 20th, 2015) Another example of how the anticipation of the increase is effecting the market happened on 6/5, capping an already lackluster week of trading, when the May jobs

Comparison of Rdbms - 6451 Words

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPEN SYSTEMS APPLICATION ENVIRONMENT RDBMS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW The Defense Finance and Accounting Services Financial Systems Organization (DFAS) plans to establish a standard development and operational environment for DFAS applications running on workstations, network servers, and mid-tier platforms. To accomplish this, the Government has commissioned a study to 1) evaluate currently used development environments and industry standards and 2) perform an analysis of these alternative development environment; identifying the most effective solutions for DFAS. A key component of this planned Open Systems Application Environment (OSAE) is a Relational Database Management System†¦show more content†¦Oracle7 includes all the facilities necessary to construct enterprise-class applications, assure end-to-end user and data security, and comprehensively manage the Oracle environment. For high-performance transaction processing, Oracle7 employs an integrated, multithreaded, multiserver architecture to handle thousands of simultaneous user requests. Through its adaptable parallel architecture, Oracle ensures optimal performance, salability, and availability facilitating organizational growth and data access predictability. The sophisticated data concurrency control model of the Oracle7 Server ensures the powerful support for a multitude of processing requirements including, but not limited to On-line Transaction Processing and Decision Support, thus meeting specific and varied application requirements. Distributed database query and transaction processing requirements are also supported with the Oracle7 Server. Developers and users can treat a physically distributed database as a single logical database though the transparent distributed capabilities of the Oracle7 Server, enabling the enterprise flexibility in the placement of its data. 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Domestication theory-Sociology of Technology and Work

Question: Discuss about theSociology of Technology and Work. Answer: Introduction The intriguing facets about the studies regarding the processes and pathways through which new technological artifacts emerge are based on finding the conditions under which users play the decisive role and participate in the foremost creation of the technical and innovative products followed by their subsequent diffusion and take-up (Jrgensen, Jrgensen and Clausen 2009). The different types of issues and concerns have been addressed in the past by the authors that in which way user innovations may arise, the reason of inducing individuals for participating in the innovation communities, as well as, the role played by the lead users. These all issues have generated and lead to the broad range of necessary and vital insights into the process of innovation, as well as, the management of several technological changes and modifications by the firms (Shields 2012). Hence, in this essay, the two theories, i.e, the domestication theory and the social construction of the technology will be u sed to determine the use and development of the technological artifact. By utilizing the example of an electric toothbrush, this essay would examine the differences between these theories, as well as, will determine how these theories lead to the domestication or success of the electric toothbrushes in day-to-day life. Theories and the Case Study Domestication theory can be described as an approach used in the studies of the science and technology and media, which is based on the processes through which innovations, more specifically new technologies are appropriated or 'tamed' by its users. The foremost step in the domestication of the technology is the integration of the technology into the everyday life followed by its adaptation to daily practices. Domesticate can be defined as to keep or bring under ones control, to accustom in daily life, or to adapt something to an environment (Haddon 2011). The domestication theory as placed towards the social shaping of innovation and technology, focuses on the different processes by which the new technological devices changes its status from being seen as useless or non-effective to being acceptable and determines how these processes contribute towards the domestication of the technology artefacts and they become the important part of the family (Berker 2006). Hence, the domesticati on theory of technology and innovation is an all-encompassing concept, which plays a role of a umbrella term comprising within it different theories related to the acceptance of the technology, using these technology artefacts in our daily life and activities, as well as, theories describing how the adoption of the technology changes the interactions with the social world and ourselves. Because there is the integration of the technological artifacts into the daily lives doesnt indicate that they are seen as benign or wonderful (Lim 2008). There can be varying relationships with the technological artifacts and feelings and ideas toward them depending on their usage, perception regarding them, and the way these artifacts are portrayed and shown in the media (Berker 2006). Hence, the domestication theory was developed for describing and analyzing the processes of acceptance, use, and rejection of the technological artifacts and innovations (Haddon 2011). This theory was developed initially to aid the understanding of the use and adoption of the novel media technologies by the different households but now is expanded as a tool for understanding both the technologies and innovations that enter into the consuming unit, which can then be analyzed culturally, sociologically and economically. There are four phases, which describe the domestications concept, these are, appropriation, objectification, incorporation, and conversion (Smits 2006). The Social construction of technology (SCOT) is another theory in the field of Science and Technology, which focuses on the fact that technology or innovation does not determine the action of the human, but instead human action are responsible for shaping the technology. Hence, according to this theory, the technologies are regarded to be social constructions, which are given shape by the several groups of people (Humphreys 2005). This further emphasizes on the fact that people are the one who influences the development of the technology artifact through the meanings and ideas they attribute towards the technological artifact. According to the social construction of technology theory, the development of the technological artifact globally is based on the three stages, which are interaction existing amongst the social groups and the technological development, discrepancies in the problems and its solutions, and the choice for the solutions (Hunsinger 2005). However, the solution, in t his case, does not require to be of fixed or permanent nature, but the solutions that are obtained indicates the temporary forms or phases of stabilization. Different groups of various people contribute different meanings and ideas towards the technologies, which, in turn, lead the technological artifacts to different perceptions and experiences of problems (Woodhouse 2005). The people, hence, influences the construction of various technologies and innovation by seeking a different kind of solutions and resolutions for their problems. A number of social groups can be differentiated around each new technological artifact. Individuals who are involved with the technological artifact holds a certain picture of it and assign a definite meaning to it (Klein and Kleinman 2002). Through the ways of defining their problems related to the artifact, possibly involving their solutions, the distinct social groups influence the development of the technology and innovation. An important parameter in SCOT model, is the flexibility of the meaning, i.e., different social groups of people contribute different meanings and problems to the same technical artifact. This belief is important for understanding the development of the technological artifacts (Ramos and Berry 2005). The application of the social construction of technology theory leads to the different views and perspectives on the development of the technological artifacts. According to the Social construction of theory model, there are three aspects related to the process determining the development of the technological artifacts, which includes the assignment and description of the meaning, the indication of problems, and the solution for solving these problems (Klein and Kleinman 2002). Where domestication theory is based on the adoption of the new technological artifacts and how these are appropriated by the individuals (Smits 2006), the social construction of technology focuses on the development of the technological artifacts that whether the technology will be a success or failure (Klein and Kleinman 2002). The comparison and differences between these two theories will be explained by using the example of an electric toothbrush, which is a new technological artifact adopted by various groups of people. Further, it will be analyzed that how the technological artifact, electric toothbrush, in this case, was incorporated in the domestic domains by different groups of people involved in the study through utilization of the four different phases related to the domestication process. Moreover, how these group of people assigned different meanings to the electric toothbrush, the different problems they analyzed, and what all were the solutions that were incorporated by them will be analyzed. Based on the case study of the household interviews conducted by Simon et al. the two theories will be compared and contrasted (Carter, Green and Thorogood 2013). Appropriation in simple terms can be described as an occurrence when the artifact is purchased by the users and they take it to their home. However, in the study of the use of the electric toothbrush, it has been observed that two tensions were required to be solved for the toothbrush to be appropriated. These two tensions were based on the relative superficiality or necessity of the artifact, and the engagement of the technical information versus the experience associated with the use of an artifact. While some of the individuals thought the electric toothbrush to be a necessity item while others considered it as an unnecessary device. To some, it was just related to superficiality and they used just for the name of the gadget to demonstrate that the individual had each and every gadget around. Moreover, it was observed that the people experienced difficulties regarding the purchase of the appropriate toothbrush and the technicalities associated with its use. These all parameters af fected the domestication of the electric toothbrush. As far as social construct theory is concerned, we can see that different people attributed different meanings to the electric toothbrush. For some, it was a necessary item, while to others it was just an unnecessary device. These different attitudes and meanings assigned to different groups of people will, in turn, affect the success or development of the electric toothbrush and its use (Carter, Green and Thorogood 2013). Objectification of the electric toothbrush is also observed as a demonstration of the practical, as well as, functional aspects of the electric toothbrush in comparison to its aesthetic values. Balancing of the positioning of the artifact in the domestic environment was reflected, which showed that one main issue was associated with the absence of the electrical outlets and rechargeable electric toothbrushes. Thus, unavailability of the electrical outlets constrained the use of the electric toothbrushes. However, the solution to this problem by the respondents was placing their electric toothbrushes in the kitchen. But, to some placement of the electric toothbrush in the kitchen was not a comfortable idea as the kitchen was a common place where everyone has easy access. Hence, the people feel uncomfortable placing their electric toothbrush and utilizing it in front of their friend and family members. Here we can see that different people have different perspectives related to the pro blem, which in turn, will analyze the development of the use of the electric brushes (Carter, Green and Thorogood 2013). The incorporation is the everyday utilization of the artifact , thus becoming the part of the routine. There were various problems that restricted the individuals for the complete incorporation of the electric brushes in their daily routine. For example, the sharing of the base unit though the heads were separate due to unavailability of the electrical outlets restricted purchasing of another electric toothbrush to their house. In another case, the sharing of the base unit caused conflict for one of the family member due to messy dental habits of another member. Moreover, people restricts taking their electric toothbrushes along with them during traveling due to its heavy weight. Hence, as these factors restrict the domestication of the electric toothbrush, it also affects the use and development of the technological artifacts, which is the result of the different perspectives and ideas of a different group of people about the electric toothbrush (Carter, Green and Thorogood 2013). Conversion, which is the other phase of the domestication can be described as the process where the users inside household may define the association between the technological artifact and the broad environment, as well as, social world. As it was observed in the case study, some respondents were not happy using their electric toothbrushes openly, to some the electric toothbrushes are required to be hidden. For these users, the symbolic relation of the electric toothbrush to the outer world was difficult. While for others, the electric toothbrush was an explicit display symbolizing good and proper dental hygiene and had become an indicator of the values of the household for external visitors. Moreover, if the social construction of technology is concerned, it has been observed that due to the need of batteries to be replaced after some time and failure to incorporate the electric brush into their shopping routines have made some users to stop using them. Thus, affecting the developme nt or success of the electric toothbrushes in the daily routine along with the incomplete domestication of them (Carter, Green and Thorogood 2013). Conclusion It is very much evident that both the theories related to domestication and social construction of technology are important parameters in the social shaping, as well as, development of the new technological artifacts. As it can be seen from the above-mentioned case of the use of electric toothbrush by the users, various factors determine the domestication of the artifact in the household, which in turn can affect the development of the technological artifact. As understanding the fact that different individuals attribute a different meaning to the similar artifact and have a different set of problems and solutions related to it for determining the technological development. This belief is also very important in the domestication of the technological artifacts. No doubt, that domestication theory is focused on the utilization of the technological artifacts by the users and social construction of technology is focused on the development of the technological artifacts, both the theories share the same concept for determining the domestication and the technological development. References Berker, Thomas. 2006.Domestication Of Media And Technology. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Carter, Simon, Judith Green, and Nicki Thorogood. 2013. "The Domestication Of An Everyday Health Technology: A Case Study Of Electric Toothbrushes".Soc Theory Health11 (4): 344-367. Haddon, Leslie. 2011. "Domestication Analysis, Objects Of Study, And The Centrality Of Technologies In Everyday Life".Canadian Journal Of Communication Corporation36: 311-323. Humphreys, Lee. 2005. "Reframing Social Groups, Closure, And Stabilization In The Social Construction Of Technology".Social Epistemology19 (2-3): 231-253. Hunsinger, Jeremy. 2005. "Broadening Possibilities By Expanding The Theoretical Richness Of The Social Construction Of Technology".Social Epistemology19 (2-3): 255-259. Jrgensen, Michael Sgaard, Ulrik Jrgensen, and Christian Clausen. 2009. "The Social Shaping Approach To Technology Foresight".Futures41 (2): 80-86. Klein, H. K. and D. L. Kleinman. 2002. "The Social Construction Of Technology: Structural Considerations".Science, Technology Human Values27 (1): 28-52. Lim, S. S. 2008. "Technology Domestication In The Asian Homestead: Comparing The Experiences Of Middle Class Families In China And South Korea".East Asian Science, Technology And Society2 (2): 189-209. Ramos, Isabel and Daniel M Berry. 2005.Social Construction Of Information Technology Supporting Work. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Pub. Shields, Mark A. 2012. "Technology And Social Theory (Review)".Technology And Culture53 (4): 918-920. Smits, Martijntje. 2006. "Taming Monsters: The Cultural Domestication Of New Technology".Technology In Society28 (4): 489-504. Woodhouse, E.J. 2005. "(Re)Constructing Technological Society By Taking Social Construction Even More Seriously 1".Social Epistemology19 (2-3): 199-223.

Rice And Genetic Engineering Essays (1860 words) - Rice,

Rice And Genetic Engineering Rice is the main food for about one-third to one-half of the world's population. A mature rice plant is usually two to six feet tall. In the beginning, one shoot appears. It is followed by one, two, or more offshoots developing. There are at least five or six hollow joints for each stalk, and a leaf for each joint. The leaf of the rice plant is long, pointed, flat, and stiff. The highest join of the rice plant is called the panicle. The rice grains develop from the panicles. (Jodon, 300) Rice is classified in the grass family Gramineae. Its genus is Oryza and species O. sativa. It is commonly cultivated for food in Asia. Some varieties of rice include red rice, glutinous rice, and wild rice. (Jodon, 303) The kernel within the grain contains most of the vitamins and minerals (298). The kernel contains thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin (299). Rice has many enemies that destroy a majority of the rice crops. The larvae of moth, stem borers, live in the stems of the rice plants. Some insects suck the plant juices or chew the leaves. Birds, such as bobolink, Java sparrow, or paddybird, would eat the seeds or grains. Disease causing factors such as fungi, roundworms, viruses, and bacteria also destroy the rice plants. Blast disease is caused by fungi which causes the panicles containing the grains to break. (Jodon, 300) There are various types of rice grown all over the world. A majority of rice grown is cultivated rice. When rice is grown with water standing on the fields, it is called lowland, wet, or irrigated rice. Rice plants grown in certain parts of Asia, South America, and Africa are called upland, hill, or dry rice because they are raised on elevated lands that cannot be flooded, but with plentiful rainfall. Wild rice is grown along lake shores of Canada and the Great Lakes. It is usually eaten by people in India. Scented rice is the most expensive because is has long grains and tastes like popcorn when cooked. Glutinous rice is waxy rice consumed by Asians. It is cooked to a sticky paste and is used for cakes and confections. (Jodon, 299) Rice was thought to have originated in southeast Asia when Alexander the Great invaded India in 326 B. C(Jodon, 303). Further research revealed that rice was cultivated around or at the Yangtze River in China, around 4000 to 11,500 years ago. One archaeologist, Toyama, surveyed data on 125 samples of rice grains, plant remains, husks, and other factors from numerous sites along the length of the Yangtze River. He reported that the oldest samples. . . are clustered along the middle Yangtze in Hubei and Hunan provinces. Samples from the upper and lower portions of the Yangtze River were found to be younger, around 4,000 to 10,000 years old. This pattern. . .suggests that rice cultivation originated in the middle Yangtze and spread from there. Archaeologists see more than a decade of excavation of the Yangtze River and nearby sites to confirm that the Yangtze River is where rice was first cultivated. (Normille, 309) The Greeks learned of rice when Alexander the Great invaded India around 326 B. C. Spain was introduced to rice when it was conquered by the Moors during the 700's A.D. Spain then introduced rice to Italy, around the 1400's. The Spanish also introduced rice to the West Indies and South America, around the 1600's. Rice was introduced to the United States when a Madagascar ship docked in the Charleston, South Carolina harbor. The ship captain presented the governor with a sack of seed rice. It was then grown in states south of the Ohio River and east of Mississippi. (Jodon, 303) Rice is usually grown in lowland fields divided by dirt walls (Jodon, 300) A majority of the rice crops are grown with water standing on the fields (Jodon, 299). On level land, these paddies and dirt walls are built in wavy or straight lines. On hill-like land, they follow the slopes and form paddies that rise like steps. The dirt walls are used to hold in water for the fields. (300) Cultivation of the rice plant requires controlling the water supply